Ср, 18 ноя 2015 Автор: Елизавета Шатунова
Grapes – garden culture of warm climate.
But some varieties successfully take root not only in the middle
latitudes, but also in the north of the country. It is only important to provide seedlings
the necessary conditions for growth – a reliable shelter for the winter,
timely pruning and sufficient moisture.
Contents
What grade to choose for planting?
Выращивание grape в домашних условиях начните с выбора
varieties. There are about 70 species and 15,000 plant varieties – there is
what to choose a gardener! Choose a variety that goes on
�”Settled” on your site, focusing on your own
gastronomical preferences, climatic features of the region,
terms of plant ripening.
And for what exactly are you going to grow grapes in your
plot – for juice or wine, to eat plenty in season or
�”To be”?
All plant varieties are divided by experts
технические (из них делают вино) и
столовые (для употребления в пищу). Technical
подвиды grape слаще, их ягодки мельче. Popular technical
varieties that are not demanding to care – Crystal, Platovsky,
Marinovsky. Dining varieties suitable for further sale – they
tasty, many resistant to low temperatures and pests.
Experienced gardeners prefer the following table varieties:
Hope, Delight, Victoria, Codreanca, Cardinal.
Cultivation and table-technical types of plants that can be submitted
к столу или приготовить из ягодок вкусное вино — Лидия,
Isabella, Kuderka.
When choosing a variety, take into account the time of its ripening, since
this will depend on the necessary conditions that need to be created
for seedlings.
Grapes can be:
• Раннеспелый (Грузинский ранний, Золотистый
early, Muscat, Tairovsky, Dream, Russian Amber, Don Agat,
Delight, Dove, Friendship, Cardinal). Ripens in 95-120 days.
• Среднеспелый (Бианка, Нептун, Десертный,
Variegated). Ripens in 120-135 days
• Позднеспелый (Изабелла, Лидия). Matures in
135-160 days
Ранние сорта grape подойдут для выращивания в северных
latitudes of our country. Middle and late ripening plants are planted
gardeners living in the southern regions. Neither watering nor dressing
невозможно ускорить созревание grape, поэтому, ориентируйтесь
exactly on the average daily temperature indicators in your
area.
Для выращивания grape черенками важна также и характеристика
силы роста выбранного varieties. Power-growing varieties (Moldova, Original,
Kodryanka) excellent fruit when the necessary conditions for
growth, but will require for the cultivation of large areas and
additional installation supports. Over the years, the yield of plants
it rises, but it becomes increasingly difficult to cover them for the winter. Medium
and slow-growing (Donetsk pearl, Timur, Novelty, Kiev early)
grapes can be planted in rows, saving space. Cover them
easy, but here they give a crop not especially high – no more than 10 kg
from the bush.
For gardeners living in the north of the country, it is important to consider
степень морозостойкости grape. Plants according to this
the criterion is divided into covering and uncovered. Cold-resistant varieties
(Lydia, Isabella, Aligote, Rkatsiteli) can withstand temperature
at -20 ˚C.
Choosing healthy seedlings
Уже выбрали подходящий по всем параметрам сорт grape для
growing at home at their summer cottage? It remains to find
reliable seller from which you can buy quality
seedlings.
Seed material purchase in May-April. Seedlings need
land in large tanks and hold until disembarkation with positive
temperature – on the windowsill or balcony. And by May in the markets
begin to sell green, vegetative seedlings that without
preliminary preparation can be planted in the ground.
Look for reliable farmers who are well versed in varieties.
grape для выращивания и имеют собственные хозяйства с
several “collections” of plants. To get a harvest faster
Buy biennial seedlings with a developed root system. Good
would take advantage of the recommendations of friends, then the risk to acquire
bad (and even worse – infected) seedlings are reduced to a minimum.
Quality seedlings – what are they?
• The roots on the cut – white.
• Annual shoots – rich green.
• Eyes should not fall off.
• Drying is not allowed.
Выбор места для выращивания grape и подготовка почвы к
landing
От правильного выбора места посадки для выращивания grape
productivity and durability of plantations will depend. Plants
love the sun, so take a well-lit plot to seedlings
territory, not obscured by trees or buildings. Best
вариант для выращивания grape черенками — юго-западная сторона
the garden. If it’s too windy here, choose a place near a low wall.
at home or build a protective fence to protect young plants.
Is the garden set on sloping ground? Then plant grapes on
gentle south or southwest slope.
Grapes can grow on almost any soil. loam,
limestone, sandstone. But the best land for young saplings –
powerful humus-rich soils with groundwater occurring on
глубину 2,5-3 m Благоприятной для произрастания grape
considered soil acidity of 5-7.
Not every gardener boasts fertile black soil in his
plot. But preplant soil preparation is important for obtaining
high yields. If the ground is excessively clay, the plants before
It is necessary to arrange a good drainage by landing. Peatlands need
adding sand. Sandstone is best pre-fertilized with manure.
or compost. �“Diminish” the soil can be added lime – 200
g / 1 square. m
Посадка grape на участке
Plant grapes on the site can be seeds or cuttings.
The first method is very laborious, and fruiting will come at least
after 5 years. Therefore, the best option for a beginner – growing
grape укоренением черенков.
Посадку grape в умеренном климате можно проводить и весной,
and in the fall. Annual lignified shoots planted from the middle
April to mid-May, and vegetative – from the end of May. Autumn
Experienced gardeners have been planting since the beginning of October. Work needed
complete before the soil freezes.
Do not rush the relocation of seedlings to a “permanent place
residence “. Many gardeners living in the northern regions on
a whole year, the cuttings rooted in large containers are left. For winter
�”Mobile” seedlings are moved to the basement, and are planted in the ground
next spring only. In this case, the risks are minimized.
freezing of young plants, and fruiting comes earlier.
Cuttings a day before planting need to prepare – soak them in
clean water, do not touch the upper roots, but only do
refreshing slice. Without wetting the root, you can handle the seedling
special solution from diseases and pests. And then proceed
к landing:
• At the selected site, prepare a pit of 80 * 80 * 80 cm (on
sandy soils – up to 105 cm in depth).
• Fix the peg in the center of the pit and cover it with gravel or bottom.
rubble 8-10 cm (for better drainage). Sprinkle the stones with a layer of soil
(10 cm). Water the ground thoroughly. Put manure on top and
humus (3 buckets). Now you can add as a top dressing
superphosphate (300g), ashes and potassium salt (100 g).
• Для высадки саженца нужна лунка глубиной до 60 сm Черенок из
Container reach directly with a clod of “native” land and gently
move into the recess.
• Cover the hole with soil so that the grafting site of the seedling
(area where shoots diverge) was approximately at the level
soil. Earth pour.
• Tie a seedling to a peg.
• Если до посадки grape вы не закаляли саженец, посадки на
7-10 days should be slightly priteni from the south side.
Осенняя посадка grape осуществляется так же. Difference only
The fact that young shoots in the first winter need reliable
shelter. To do this, cover them with a plastic bottle with several
holes. The land around the plentifully watered (3-4 buckets), and then
loosened.
If you plan to grow several varieties of plants,
group seedlings by “origin”, because the landing interval
they are different. Расстояние между лунками соко-винного grape — 0,8
m Столовые сорта потребуют большего расстояния — не менее 1,5 m
Between the rows, to make it easier to take care of the landings later on,
оставляйте 2-2,5 m
Rules for growing and caring for grapes
In the southern regions of the country, the care of grapes is not difficult – itself
nature take care of plants. In temperate climates, plants are more
choosy – you need to cover the vine for the winter, regularly do
top dressing. The basics of growing and caring for grapes is to
following:
• Полив. Grapes love moisture but flooded
plot will not tolerate. Вот почему при landing мы предусмотрели слой
drainage. The plant develops a strong root system as it grows –
она проникают до 5 м вглубь soil. Adults landing because
can “eat” groundwater, can endure without irrigation for a long time.
But it is better to moisten the grapes once a month for 8-10 liters per bush. Live
in a region where there is frequent rain? Watering then maybe not at all
be required. To reduce water consumption, use pipes,
buried between landings.
• Подкормка. Grapes preferably three times for
feed the season with organic and mineral substances – before flowering,
2 weeks after flowering, before the berries ripen. Their
the third in a row feeding completely remove the organic matter, replacing it
ash. Dilute fertilizers in water and water the plants with it.
• Мульчирование и рыхление. Immediately after disembarkation
seedling zamulchirute pristvolny circles (land or peat) –
moisture will not evaporate for a long time. Слой мульчи — 5-7 сm рыхлите
the land around landings when weeding. In a drought loosen,
may need more often – it is important that the earth does not turn into
сухой коm
• Катаровка. Every spring, remove thin
корешки, которые проросли на глубину до 20 сm Оголенный штамб
fall asleep again with earth. So you will stimulate
development of the main root.
• Опора. Многие сорта grape сильно
expand – very soon near plantings will be required
provide a hedge. Use for these purposes decorative
fences, trellis system. If the grapes are planted along the wall, you can
lean a ladder against it – the vine will cling to
improvised prop. As needed, gardeners themselves
подвязывают растение к опораm
• Прищипывание. Before flowering (5-7 days)
pinch fruitful shoots. This ensures the flow
nutrients directly to the inflorescences, shrub less
grows, the growth of stepsons is activated.
When growing and caring for grapes plays an important role
pruning plants. Until the end of the summer vines will actively grow, which
will require from the gardener their timely formation. Bushes
Give the desired shape – standard, cordon, fan. When pruning
grape используйте острый секатор, чтобы не оставить на молодых
shoots “wounds”. The main pruning is done in the fall, when with
plants have fallen leaves. When forming a bush, leave a third
more shoots than required by the rules. And if some of the branches are not
survive the winters, you have enough shoots to get
abundant harvest. In the spring, assess the damage caused to the grapes.
snow and frost. Cut the broken branches from the bushes.
To grape survived the winter, it must be prepared for the cold
time of year. To do this, with the onset of sustainable frosts
remove the creepers from the supports, warm the plant with peat leaves or
лапникоm К корням подсыпьте сухой земли слоем до 10 сm Ранее
the shelter can provoke the awakening of the eyes after a couple
months – and this is their direct death, since they are not hard frosts
will survive.
Методы борьбы с болезнями и вредителями grape
If the grapes do not provide proper growing conditions,
in a timely manner without giving measures for the treatment of bushes means
from diseases and pests, you can lose a significant part
harvest.
Diseases affecting grapes are divided into chronic
and seasonal. The first are transmitted “inherited” when buying
poor quality seed, and the latter occur when
non-compliance with the rules for the cultivation and care of the bushes.
Grapes are often affected by the following diseases:
• Антракноз. Fungal disease affecting
shoots, leaves, inflorescences and berries. Expressed in appearance at all
parts of the plant are brownish spots with a white or dark border. Flash
The disease manifests itself in rainy weather. Disputes can calmly
survive the winter on grapes. Process landings in a timely manner
systemic and contact fungicides.
• Ложная мучнистая роса (милдью) — самое
распространенное заболевание среди многих сортов grape. It
caused by a fungus affecting all the green parts of the plant. The first
a sign of the appearance of mildew – oily spots of a round shape on
leaflets. And on the underside of the spot, a mealy patina is formed.
If time does not take action, contribute to tissue necrosis. To
protect grapes, do not allow watering around the area
plants, mulch the soil, apply potash-phosphorus supplements,
treat with fungicides. The first treatment – at the height of young
shoots up to 20 cm, the second – before flowering, the third – when the berries
reach the size of peas.
• Мучнистая роса (оидиум). On the leaves (with
outside and inside) you can see a grayish-white bloom,
many parts of plants are stunted. Oidium can inflict
irreparable harm to the vineyards because it destroys the grapes –
berries do not develop, are completely destroyed by mold. Insofar as
this fungus appears in too leafy gardens, use
agrotechnical techniques that would contribute to airing
bushes – hilling, pasynkovanie, tying up the vine.
• Серая гниль. Fungal plaque covers
blooming eyes and young shoots. Gradually he can cover
все зеленые части растения — гроздья grape приходят в
worthlessness, turning into a “porridge.” You can fight the gray rot
only fungicides. If cool wet weather is coming, do not
Remember to stock up on special drugs.
• Черная пятнистость (эскориоз). Fungal
заболевание, поражающее и зеленые части grape, и одревесневшие
parts of it. Black spot you will not confuse with anything – necrosis
the dark color gradually covers the whole plant, weakening its growth,
cause the complete extinction of some shoots. Hard to fight with
escoriosis, because it can penetrate deep into shoots,
Eating grapes from the inside. Chemicals have no effect, and therefore, all
force throw on preventive measures. Affected parts
Plants are subject to obligatory pruning.
Выращивание grape, помимо заболеваний, может осложниться и
invasion of pests. The most dangerous “bugs”:
• Филлоксера — тля желто-зеленого цвета,
eating only grapes. It is difficult to notice with the naked eye.
In gardening, 2 forms of phylloxera are known – leaf and root.
The pest behaves differently in the vineyards planted on that
or another type of soil. For example, aphid does not develop at all
sandy ground. Soil chemical treatment is not done today, but
therefore, when detecting the root phylloxera on a bush, plant
better to root out. To combat leaf phylloxera apply
insecticides.
• Обыкновенный паутинный клещ. Pest,
besides grapes, it feeds on many more plants. He settles on
the inner side of the leaves and their habitat always braids
cobwebs. Spider mite leaves turn red or
turn yellow. Spider mite attacks lead to a decrease in sugar content
berries
• Виноградный зудень. The pest develops on
leaves, in rare cases – on the inflorescences. Where he settled
itchiness, bumps appear on the outside of the leaf. Damage
lead to a violation of photosynthesis of grapes – the foliage falls.
• Листовертки. Caterpillars (there are several species)
pests affect the leaves, buds, berries. Damaged parts
grapes need to be cleaned of bark and pupated caterpillars. Best
method of dealing with leaflets – the use of chemicals.
Manifestations of diseases and pests can be avoided if
follow the rules of agricultural grapes.
