Пт, 22 апр 2016 Автор: врач Юлия TOисиль
Bruises and fractures are the most common types of injuries.
This problem becomes especially urgent in the winter;
number of falls that don’t always end without
consequences.
You can hit, fall at home, in the gym, in nature.
Not always there is an experienced doctor nearby that will provide first aid when
bruises and fractures.
In most cases, you have to take action yourself.
before the arrival of the ambulance.
Therefore, to know the basic rules of first aid for bruises
and fractures should everyone.
Contents
First aid for bruises and fractures: how to recognize
damage
Ушибом принято называть damage мягких тканей, целостность
The skin is usually not broken. When hit, injury occurs.
cells, blood vessels, nerves.
Main symptoms:
• Pain at the site of injury.
• Swelling of the affected area, increasing its size.
• Bruise (hematoma). Note that it is not always a bruise.
occurs at the injury site, in some cases it appears in
another place. For example, a fracture of the skull base is accompanied by
blue area around the eyes.
• Impaired motor function. If the joint was injured,
there is a limitation of its mobility.
Sometimes it is very hard for an inexperienced person to draw a line between
contusion and fracture. Even a small injury can lead to
impaired bone integrity. To avoid complications, bruise site
must be examined by a doctor. If you do not attach importance to injury, try
treat it yourself, the consequences can be serious:
improper fusion of the bone, infection of the wound.
To exclude a fracture should pay attention to his
Some features:
• The limb seems shortened due to the displacement
fragments.
• It occupies an unnatural position, turned into another
side bent.
• Abnormal mobility is observed at the fracture site.
• When you probe the site of damage, a crunch occurs
(crepitus).
• Additional symptoms include pain, redness,
swelling, limiting function. With an open fracture can be
bleeding, bone fragments bulging out, as the skin
damaged.
What to start with first aid for bruises and
fractures
It is very important in such a situation not to get confused and perform all
necessary actions. If a person fell, slipped, you must
come up, offer help. The first step is to find out which
part of the body is injured, in parallel you need to call an ambulance
help. When hitting the head, a medical examination is required.
It must be remembered that the absence of symptoms is not always
indicative of slight damage. In some cases, after so
called the “bright gap” (period without complaints) occurs
sharp deterioration. The doctor must check the main
reflexes, the reaction of pupils to light, other symptoms that indicate
damage мозга.
It is advisable to exclude bone fracture, because first aid in such
The case will be slightly different. For this you need to evaluate
motor function of the limb, its size, shape, position.
How to give first aid for bruises and fractures: основные
regulations
При ушибе происходит damage сосудов, кровь выходит из
vascular bed, infiltrates soft tissue, hematoma is formed
(bruise). To reduce pain, swelling, it is necessary:
• Attach a cold to the injury site. Ideal if it is
special sterile ice pack that is sold in a pharmacy. But in
home conditions can also provide first aid for bruises and
fractures. Perfectly fit ice cubes wrapped in the bow
a handkerchief, a napkin, a towel soaked in cold water, snow — everything,
what is at hand. Low temperatures lead to vasospasm,
their clearance decreases, bleeding stops.
• Remember! During the first day you can not use
hot water bottles, warm baths, compresses. It will only increase the pain
hematoma will increase.
• If the joint is damaged, it is recommended to apply a tight bandage.
Thus, we will save him from unnecessary movements, unnecessary
load.
• If the bruise is accompanied by scratches, it is necessary to treat
surface antiseptic. In the home first aid kit should be peroxide
hydrogen, green, alcohol. Then applied gauze
bandage.
What is the danger of injury?
После того как первая помощь при ушибах и fractures оказана,
It is necessary to consult a doctor to rule out complications.
• A bruise to the abdomen may be accompanied by injury to internal organs:
rupture of the liver, spleen, bleeding. In this case, the patient
will be pale, sweating will intensify, pulse will increase, pressure
on the contrary, it will go down.
• Даже небольшие царапины, damage кожи являются входными
gateway for many infections. The doctor will treat the wound, decide
the need to take tetanus vaccine,
antibiotics.
• Head injury is a serious danger if you have nausea,
vomiting, loss of consciousness, memory.
• If a blow was struck in the chest area,
interruptions heart, labored breathing.
• Spinal injury often leads to a violation of the sensitive
and motor function in the pelvis, limbs.
TOак оказать первую помощь при fractures?
Fracture is a violation of the integrity of the bone, which is accompanied by
severe pain and restriction of motor function. the main
the task is to ensure the immobility of the limb.
Часто при fractures участки bodies приобретают неестественное
position. They are turned the other way, overly bent or
unbent
Remember! In no case can not
самостоятельно пытаться вернуть конечность в нормальное position.
You can only worsen the condition: to transfer the fracture from closed to
open, damage the bundle of nerves and blood vessels.
• Если перелом открытый (есть damage кожи), следует
stop bleeding by applying a tourniquet or tight bandage.
• An important point is the immobilization (immobilization) of the limb. For
There are special tires. At home to provide
первой помощи при ушибах и fractures используют доски, палки,
umbrella, skiing. Above all, the subject must be firm and sufficient.
long
• A homemade tire should be wrapped with gauze, a cloth so as not to
injure the skin. In areas of the folds need to put rollers, cotton
discs.
• In case of fracture of small bones, 2 nearby joints are fixed,
thigh and humerus require immobilization of 3 neighboring
joints.
• If there are no scrap materials at all, there is a method that
called “foot to foot.” Injured limb pinned down
to healthy, which performs the function of the tire.
• Before the ambulance arrives, take your own medicines.
recommended.
Оказание первой помощи при ушибах и fractures: чего делать не
worth
By your actions you can not only help the patient, but also apply
harm, worsen condition. TOак оказать первую помощь при fractures и
bruises right? It is necessary to take into account that the following
measures are contraindicated.
• Существует мнение, что при ушибах, fractures необходимо
Take an aspirin pill to thin the blood. This will prevent
blood clots. But this can not be done, as the drug
increases bleeding. Only a doctor can prescribe this remedy.
according to strict indications.
• If the skin is not damaged, treat it with alcohol, iodine is not
need to.
• Heat packs on the first day after injury are contraindicated,
dilatation of the vessels will only increase swelling and hemorrhage.
• It is better not to take painkillers before the ambulance arrives.
pills, it may make diagnosis difficult.
• It is strictly forbidden to open hematomas. This will lead to
wound infection. It is recommended to just cover the surface with a clean
bandage. Only a doctor in sterile conditions using special
tools can perform such a procedure.
Оказание первой помощи при fractures и ушибах разных частей
bodies
TOаждая часть bodies имеет свое природное положение, потому
There are some features of first aid for
fractures и ушибах.
• Skull. The main symptoms that make a fracture suspect
skulls are bruises around the eyes, nosebleeds, loss
consciousness, nausea, vomiting. Also important is the fact of the strike.
head. The patient should be placed on a hard, flat surface.
Fix the head using rolls of towels on the sides,
Attach a heating pad with ice to the affected area.
• Spine. Transport person recommended on
the stomach. You can not make sudden movements, so as not to damage the spinal cord.
brain. A sharp pain in the back will help to suspect this trauma,
mobility restriction.
• Clavicle. Worried about pain, swelling, inability to move in
shoulder joint. First aid for injury or fracture of the clavicle
соworth в фиксации руки на боке поражения. In the armpit
it is necessary to put a roller, bend the arm at the elbow, palm
press to the chest. In this state, pin the limb to
torso.
• При fractures конечностей налаживают шину, фиксируют
bandage.
• Hands. A tire or a replacement item is adjusted from
fingertips to elbow. In the palm should be put cotton, bandage,
to brush remained bent.
• Ribs. The patient will complain of pain when breathing, sneezing,
coughing It is necessary to put a tight bandage on the chest. But
переусердствовать также не need to. Squeezing ribs
can damage the lungs, causing pneumothorax.
• Taz. The main point in the provision of first aid for fracture or
ушибе таза является правильное position. Man laid on
back on a flat hard surface. Knees bent and slightly
divorced to the sides, a roller is planted under them. In this position, the load
on the pelvic bone is minimal, the risk of displacement of the fragments is also
is small.
Features of further treatment
If the injury does not require serious treatment, the risk of complications
minimal, the doctor lets the patient go home, after giving
recommendations. Restoration of normal function – the process
long, pain, as a rule, leaves in 2-3 days. But
there are unpleasant feelings when the load on the damaged or
limb.
For снятия болевого синдрома можно take analginum, keterol.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory have proven themselves well
facilities. They remove pain, reduce swelling, redness. TO
Diclofenac (Voltaren), ibuprofen,
keterol.
Unlike the first day, after the second day you can use
dry heat, warming ointments (finalgon, fastum gel, capsicum).
Choose the right drug, the correct dosage will help the doctor.
