Пт, 09 окт 2015 Автор: Артём ШиманскийIt is probably impossible to imagine a person who has never
was “decorated” with bruises. This traumatic pathology is so
common that is already seen as a household trifle, on
which should not be given special attention. Meanwhile, not everything is so
simply.
Contents
1. • What are bruises on the body?
Bruise is the most common type of hematoma,
those. such a traumatic tissue damage in which
capillaries are ruptured and blood is spilled into the subcutaneous fat
fiber without damage to the upper layers of the skin.
A bruise is not a disease, respectively, and by doctors as he
self pathology is not considered. If hematoma
occurs as a consequence of injury – everything is limited
symptomatic therapy aimed at its elimination. But often
bruises can act as indicators of certain diseases.
To understand the nature of bruises, it is necessary to understand the structure
human skin.
Skin structure
The skin has three layers: epidermis, dermis and
subcutaneous fat or hypodermis (the deepest layer
skin). In the hypodermis is the fat depot. For normal and
prompt deposition of excess nutrients from the circulatory
the bed in the fat depot requires a well-developed system
blood supply.
If the epidermis and dermis are poorly supplied with blood, then
the hypodermis, for the reason mentioned, is literally dotted with small
blood vessels (capillaries). In 95% of cases, the cause of bruises
– mechanical damage. Given that the thickness of the skin – just
a few millimeters, it is very easy to damage the vessels of the hypodermis.
2. • Causes and mechanism of bruising on the body.
Bruises on the body: the mechanism of appearance
If you answer the question why bruises appear on the body, then
It should be clarified: the reasons may be of two types: exogenous
(external) and endogenous (internal). Overwhelming majority
hematomas are provoked by injuries. However, injuries alone can
be varied.
Contusion of tissues. Simply put, contusion is
tissue trauma (in particular, soft) caused by a stroke. Kick creates
enough kinetic energy. Formed
mechanical energy wave travels approximately 20-30% further
bruises and damages the capillaries, which leads to their destruction.
The blood from the destroyed vessels goes into the extracellular space. AT
the result is a bruise. Contusion in 86% of cases is
trauma that caused the development of hematoma.
Crush tissue. Impact intensity on
tissues with this type of injury are several times lower than with
contusions. However, the duration of exposure is higher. Cause of bruises
lies in the violation of metabolic processes. Blood stagnates and
overflows capillaries. AT результате, не выдерживая, стенки
the blood vessels burst and blood goes into the hypodermis. Good
An example is the effect of a medical tourniquet in the collection of venous blood,
wearing a tight bandage, belt, etc.
Injection. AT результате инъекции происходит
penetrating soft tissue injury. The eye is not visible, however
even such a thin medical needle damages as it progresses
many blood vessels. As a result – blood gets into
hypodermis.
Barotrauma. ATсем известна такая медицинская
manipulation as treatment banks. Barotrauma due
exposure to a particular area of tissue with reduced pressure.
Since the skin is permeable, the pressure in the hypodermis also
goes down. Due to the pressure difference of the intercellular substance
deep layer of skin and blood vessels, capillaries burst.
Травмы головы (ЧМТ). Head tissue especially
abundantly supplied with blood, therefore almost any mechanical
damage is accompanied by the release of blood in the subcutaneous fat
fiber In most patients, TBI manifests
bruises under the eyes. The symptom is especially pronounced in fractures.
base of the skull.
Bruises on the body: causes of appearance
The formation of hematomas depends on many reasons, among which are:
gender, race, biochemical features of the blood, structural features
vessels, body constitution, hormones, age, presence
associated diseases.
Floor. It has been scientifically proven that bruises on the body
women are formed easier and more often than men. This is due
instability of the hormonal background, due to which the structure is disturbed
blood and increases capillary permeability.
Race. Wrong idea that
representatives of the Negroid race bruises can not be. Hematomas
are formed in people of any race, however, due to the skin tint of bruises
it is seen. In addition, Negroids have thickened skin. By this
the reason for injuring vessels requires more mechanical
energy. On the contrary, the Mongoloids and Caucasians are most prone to
hematomas because they have thinner skin.
Features of blood. Low hemoglobin and
coagulation defects lead to an increased risk of education
bruises. AT обычных условиях кровь вытекает из капилляра крайне
slowly, and platelets during this time have time effectively clog
damaged vessel. AT случае наличия указанных нарушений, кровь
follows quickly.
Features of the vessels. If the walls of the blood vessels
vessels have increased permeability (the reason for this may
some diseases, hormonal disorders, age), blood
even in the absence of injuries can leave the channel and penetrate
extracellular space.
The constitution of the body. People with obesity, more often
страдают от bruises. The fact is that the subcutaneous fatty tissue
требует обильного blood supply. The reason is the body’s need for
fast splitting of fat from the depot, if necessary. Therefore, than
the more the hypodermis is, the more advanced the circulatory system is, and
easier to damage the vessels.
Hormonal background. Hormonal disorders
– one of the important secondary causes. ATысокий уровень эстрогена в
female body reduces vascular permeability and improves
blood clotting. However, peak hormonal states
(pregnancy, etc.), leading to a decrease in the production of specific
hormone as well as ovarian pathology entail an increased risk
formation of hematomas. In men, testosterone levels have
similar functions – about the same throughout life.
ATозраст. With age, the skin is exposed
degenerative processes, the capillaries become brittle and
acquire increased permeability.
Accompanying illnesses. Some diseases
lead to increased capillary permeability, for example, cirrhosis
liver, multiple myeloma, etc. The same effect is produced by disease,
caused by a lack of vitamins (P, C, K). Vitamin deficiency causes
insufficient synthesis of cell structures of epithelial tissue,
which forms the vessels.
A kind of bruise is a specific spot for sugar
diabetes (so-called diabetic dermopathy). Insulin deficiency
characteristic of diabetes, helps reduce
cell membrane permeability to glucose. Lack of glucose
leads to significant lipoprotein and protein abnormalities
exchanges, hormonal disorders. Normal synthesis
structures of epithelial tissue does not occur, the vessels become
brittle. AT итоге происходят разрывы капилляров, образующие
bruises.
3. • Bruises on the body for no reason.
Often patients receive complaints of unreasonable
возникновение bruises. ATроде как травм не было, но гематома
is formed. Of course, everything has its causes and bruises
an exception. As has been said, many diseases cause
development of hematomas. However, besides diseases, bruises are formed when
taking some drugs.
Often, this side effect occurs when taking analgesics.
and antispasmodics, as well as drugs to reduce blood viscosity
(aspirin, analgin, ketorol, nise, etc.). Preparations of these groups
thin the blood and simultaneously increase the permeability of the walls
capillaries.
Obviously, with such a combination of factors, it may not be
one, but about a whole mass of bruises all over the body. Since legs
subjected to the greatest physical exertion, bruises most often
formed on the lower limbs.
4. • Diagnosis of bruises on the body
Bruises are not an independent disease. Therefore, a special
diagnostics do not require. The reason also lies in the evidence
damage: the bruise is visible to the naked eye and to assess it
states do not require special laboratory or instrumental
methods.
However, in patients with hematological pathologies a bruise, even
the size of a 10 kopeck coin can lead to the formation of
blood clots. It’s not worth worrying too much, the risk of blood clots
due to a small bruise is extremely small (not more than 0.5%). AT большинстве
cases, the body is able to cope with a bruise
on their own.
Almost always a bruise can be eliminated on its own.
It makes sense to see a doctor in the following
cases:
•• – The bruise has a significant diameter (over 15 cm).
•• – The bruise is in the area of vital
organs.
•• – Hematoma “bloated”, there is suppuration.
• A large bruise diameter means a large amount
thickened and stiffened blood that increases the risk
thrombosis. If the bruise is large enough and at the same time
located in the location of organs (liver, kidney, stomach and
etc.) – there is a probability of their injuries (bruises).
•Лечащие специалисты:
– If in addition to a hematoma there is a suspicion of more severe
tissue damage – traumatologist.
– Hematoma has a significant size of the degree of fullness
blood or pus – the surgeon.
– Hematoma was formed due to one of these
diseases – specialist profile.
– The cause of the bruise is unknown, there were no injuries or bruises.
– hematologist.
– There are suspicions of damage to the internal organs – profile
specialist (stomach, liver – gastroenterologist, kidneys – nephrologist,
urologist, brain – neurologist, neurosurgeon, etc.).
As stated, in most cases there are reasons for concern.
not. However, if uncharacteristic manifestations are observed with simple
bruise (radiating pain, excessive pain in the
damage site), it is worth a visit to the doctor to exclude serious
problems and own peace of mind.
5. Treatment of bruises on the body.
Self elimination of bruises on the body (at home
conditions)
Hematoma does not require special treatment. AT 99% случаев она не более
than a temporary cosmetic defect. Cases where a bruise requires
specialized treatment – so little that they can
count on the fingers of one hand. But for the very reason that
hematoma gives the appearance of an unpleasant appearance, the question of how to get rid of
bruises on the body excites so many people.
AT нормальных условиях синяк проходит в течение 2-3 недель. Behind
this time leukocytes eliminate dead cells, like
scavengers. Of course, it’s impossible to get rid of a bruise in one day.
The human body is not a miracle machine. Anyone even insignificant
at first glance, the process requires the coordinated work of all systems and
differs incredible complexity, because it takes time. ATсе же
There are a number of drugs that speed up the process of getting rid of this.
unpleasant defect.
– Препараты на основе вещества-гепарина. AT
clinical practice, heparin is used as a drug
preventing thrombosis. Trade Names: Lioton,
Heparin, Trombless. AT среднем, цена на них составляет от 50 до 250
rubles.
Поскольку гепарин является антикоагулянтом (those. препятствует
blood clotting) it is most effective only in the first
a few hours after the injury. When blood clots have formed,
But the treatment has not yet begun – there is not much use of the ointment. ATажно
note that it is unacceptable to smear open wounds, because of this
bleeding will increase significantly.
Heparin reduces the duration of treatment to 4-7 days, with this
Apply the ointment must be at least 4-6 times a day.
–Троксевазин. Increases the elasticity of blood vessels, not
allows for the formation of hematomas of a large size, due to local
anti-inflammatory action. However, it has a high
allergenic potential and can cause serious immune
reaction.
– Препараты на основе бадяги. Despite
unpresentable name, drugs are high
by efficiency. The healing time is no more than 5 days. Effect based
on the following. Ointment or powder applied to the damaged area
irritates tissue and causes minor inflammation. AT результате
metabolic processes are accelerated in the affected tissue, blood
surges more actively, which means platelets, among other things, faster
perform their function.
– Specialized “replicated” drugs for bruises
(Bruise off, etc.). They are essentially analogous to Heparin,
however, at a higher price. However, as well as heparin
drugs have sufficient efficacy (again
similar).
It would not be superfluous to resort to “popular” methods. Right after
bruise – attach ice. Khorol contributes to the narrowing of the blood
blood vessels and blood will cease to leave. Warm – should
apply for 3-4 day. From heating, hemoglobin is destroyed
faster.
Specialized treatment of bruises on the body
Имеет смысл в двух cases:
– If hematoma осложнена (имеет большую площадь, сочетается с
suppuration, etc.). AT таком случае показано хирургическое
вскрытие и дренирование.
– If the bruise significantly impairs the patient’s appearance. AT таком
случае можно прибегнуть к лазерному устранению
гематомы в специализированной клинике. Effect of the procedure
visible almost immediately, but the method of treatment itself is sufficient
expensive.
6. • Prevention of bruises on the body
Preventing bruises on the body is very simple. If available
specific diseases – should take a course in a timely manner
treatment by a specialist.
If hematoma возникла в качестве побочного эффекта от
medicines – you should consult with a specialist for
selection of a safer counterpart.
AT остальном же, стоит избегать травм и быть внимательнее.
Thus, bruises are quite common. AT большинстве своем
they do not pose any health hazards and special
attention to themselves do not require. The maximum, than they are unpleasant – pain
sensations and vernal unattractiveness.
It should be alerted if the formation of a bruise is not related to
trauma, and the cause is completely unknown. AT таком случае откладывать
going to a hematologist is not worth it.
It is also necessary to avoid the use of widely publicized
лекарств от bruises.
The more aggressive the advertisement, the lower the effectiveness. AT данном
case this is more than fair. There are much more reliable and
effective drugs at a lower price.
